The Artistic And Professional Development Of Teachers Essay

The Artistic and Professional Development of Teachers: A Study of Teachers’ Attitudes towards and Use of the Arts in Teaching, Barry Oreck 1. What would this study have to look like in order for it be predominately qualitative? The qualitative feature in this study is only minimal. To alter to a predominately qualitative study; first, Oreck would need to expand the narrative section either through interview or observation. Second, utilize purposeful sample and narrow phenomena scope to ensure rich descriptions for transferability. Whereas, as stated the sample consist of a board spectrum of grades, and types of teachers (specialty, general). 2. Whether a study provides a significant contribution is a matter of professional judgment. What considerations should be part of this judgment? Referencing McMillan and Wergin (2010) assertion on the commonality of mixed method designs having one dominate approach, determined through a series of questions. The conclusion is that Oreck (20014) has a dominate quantitative focus. Therefore, to determine whether it contributes significantly to the knowledge base, it must be judged on how well it meets the non-experimental quantitative evaluative criteria offered by McMillian and Wergin (2010). Particularly in its ability to provide connections and rationale to previous studies and illuminate gaps in the present knowledge base that this study will examine through mainly statistical means to discover associations amongst variables.Show MoreRelatedThe Institute Of Museum And Library Services1490 Words   |  6 Pageswill stimulate and educate the youth interest. Fashion is influenced by art, music and literature. 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It Is Practically Difficult To Have An All Inclusive Meaning

It is practically difficult to have an all inclusive meaning of what morals is, the best way to truly watch it is by and by; how does morals shape our lives and how is it obtained? Morals applies to both us and the general population around us as is both politically imperative and essential to the person. Plato and Aristotle had differentiating conclusions on both what morals is, the means by which it is helpful and who can acquire it. I have concentrated on equity while considering the obtaining of morals as I surmise that the two thinkers treat equity in progressively unique ways and that its connection to morals as a subject permits a less demanding meaning of morals itself and the securing of it. Plato established†¦show more content†¦Aristotle remained to be leader of the Academy after Speusippus kicked the bucket be that as it may, wound up to be a disagreeable decision. In 335 BC he established his possess school, the Lyceum and started to make refinements from Plato s work including the way that scholars ought not be rulers but rather consultants. Our translation of moral understanding relies on upon the way that Aristotle and Plato treat the issue and what their concentration is. Plato s worry in The Republic is to make a perfect state. He exhibited a portion of the most punctual utilitarian thoughts, indicating how people ought to utilize their gifts and capacities for the more prominent great. Aristotle in any case, demonstrated his concentration to be the best bliss for the individual and at last, Eudemonia, which can be achieved through living righteously. Here, moral comprehension can be achieved by rehearsing temperate activities, to make these activities simpler and that s just the beginning wonderful to pick. Plato nonetheless, would see morals basically as gained through information as opposed to rehearse. 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Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data Free Essays

BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1 TRANSMITTER Section In Transmitter subdivision there are 3 parts: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.div class="phdessay__article-cta" We will write a custom essay sample on Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.001.png"/ Figure 1 The block diagram Transmitter subdivision In Transmitter subdivision there are 3 parts: Input screen Images Encoder subdivision Output Stego Image The screen image used for the proposed strategy to be taken as an input Original screen Image which is used for implanting secret informations in it. Encoder unit is composed of Generation map and secret keys. Encoder determines whether it is smooth country or edged country depending upon the threshold value. In smooth country little figure of spots implanting compared to inch country. Finally at the sender subdivision Stego image is generated which is a combination of secret keys and screen images. 3.2 RECEIVER Section img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.002.png"/ Figure 2 The block diagram Receiver subdivision In Receiver subdivision there are 3 parts: Input Stego Images Decoder subdivision Output Cover Image The Stego Image is taken as an input to the receiver side. The Stego image is decoded right by utilizing secret keys and coevals map to obtain the screen image. The secret keys used in both the sender and receiver side are same. Pixels in the border countries are embedded by Q-bit of secret informations with a larger value of Q than that of pels placed in smooth countries. Chapter 4 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 4.1The proposed adaptative strategy There are five secret keys viz. R1, R2, v1, v2, T and 1 6 v1, 1 6 v2, ( v1 + v2 ) lt ; 6. The mean different values of a four-pixel block are utilized to sort the block as a smooth country or an edge country. The scope of mean different value is partitioned into two different degrees, smooth degree and border degree. Q-bit of the secret information is embedded in Pixels located in the block, where Q is decided by the degree in which the norm different values belong to. In the implanting procedure of secret informations, harmonizing to the secret keys v1 and v2, the smooth degree will utilize lower value v1 while the border degree uses greater value v1 + v2. The information embedding procedure is given in Section 2.1.1 and the extracting stage is described in Section 2.1.2. 2.1.1. The implanting stage in proposed adaptative method The original image is separated into non- overlapping four-pixel blocks. For each block, there are four neighboring pels ‘Pi, j’ ; ‘Pi, j+1’ ; ‘Pi+1, j’ ; ’ Pi+1, j+1’ and their corresponding grey values are y0, y1, y2, y3, severally. The undermentioned flow chart shows elaborate working of implanting stage in proposed adaptative strategy img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.007.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.005.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amaz onaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.003.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.014.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.018.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.017.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.016.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.015.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.019.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.020.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.024.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.023.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.022.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.021.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.025.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.030.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.028.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.033.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.032.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.031.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.034.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.036.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.035.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.037.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.039.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.038.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.040.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.041.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.042.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.048.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.047.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.046.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.045.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.044.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.043.png"/ The elaborate embedding stairss are as follows. Measure 1: Generate Two sets Kr and Kc utilizing threshold Hr ( R1, v1 ) and Hc ( R2, v2 ) , severally. Via sets Kr and Kc form a discrepancy of a Cartesian merchandise viz. , Kr _ Kc. Set Kr _ Kc generates an ordered set of combinations of Kr and Kc with 2v1 †¢ 2v2 = 2v1+v2 elements ( Eq. ( 1 ) ) . Kr*Kc = { Kria†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡a†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Kcja†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ , Kri ˆ Kr, Kcj ˆ Kc, i=1,2,3†¦ .img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.049.png"} =1, 2, 3†¦ ..img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.050.png".†¦ ( 1 ) Measure 2: Calculate the mean difference value D, Which is determined by img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.051.png"†¦ . ( 2 ) Where ymin is ymin=min { y0, y1, y2, y3 } Measure 3: Using Threshold T and D find smooth block, Edge block and mistake block. i.e. a ) If D lt ; =T, D belongs to Smooth block. B ) If D gt ; T, D belongs to Edge block. degree Celsius ) If D lt ; =T and ( ymax- ymin ) gt ; 2*T+2, D belongs to Error block. Measure 4: Repeat measure 3 for full image Measure 5: Capacity= ( ( border block* ( v1+v2 ) ) + smooth block*v1 ) ) *4 Measure 6: For smooth block obtain I utilizing Kr A ; Secret informations and find‘d’ . For border block: – d=img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.050.png"? ( i-1 ) +j†¦ . ( 3 ) For smooth block: – d= I†¦ .. ( 4 ) Measure 7: Create pel group utilizing ‘n=2^Q’ . degree Fahrenheit ( Lolo ) =yi mod n+1 †¦ . ( 5 ) Measure 8: Using pel group embed the Secrets spots Measure 9: If No Of Secret Data=Capacity, travel to step 10 else measure 6. Measure 10: Apply mistake cut downing process for minimising perceptual deformation between screen A ; stego image. Example: – Assume we have a block part with 4 neighboring pel values ( 210, 237, 198, and 183 ) , and the secret information informations for implanting in original image are ‘10010101110000111010’ . Suppose v1 = 2, v2 = 3, R1 = 257, R2 = 36 and T = 25. Here first coevals map Kr= { 000,100,010,011,001,110,101,111 } is created by utilizing Hr ( R1, V1 ) i.e. Hr ( 257,2 ) and 2nd coevals map Kc = { 01,11,10,00 } is generated by utilizing Hc ( R2, V2 ) i.e. Hc ( 36,3 ) , after that by utilizing equation ( 2 ) calculate the mean different value ‘D’ = ( 96/3 ) =32 which is greater than threshold value T, so the present block has been positioned in border country and is embedded Q = 5 Numberss of spots of secret informations in each peculiar pel. Hence, sum entire 4 * 5 = 20 spots are embedded in given block. Here for first pel into the block, e.g. y0 = 210, the initial part of secret informations ’10010’ is split into the two sub-strings ‘100’ and ‘10’ . Then, we get one = 2 and j = 3 because the 6th constituent of Kr is ‘100’ and 4th constituent of Kc is ‘10’ . Harmonizing to equation ( 3 ) , we compute‘d’ utilizing 8 * ( 2–1 ) +3 = 11. After that, the pel group ‘G’ is formed for the pel value y0 = 210 with n =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.052.png"= 32. Here g 19= 210. Finally, the stego-pixel y`0 can be achieve from the dth component of G, i.e. y`0 = g24 = 202. Likewise we can happen leftover stego-pixel y`1 = 249, y`2 = 201, y`3 = 185 and therefore stego-block ( 202,249,201,185 ) is achieved. After using readjusts process we get concluding stego-block ( 202, 241, 201, and 185 ) . 2.1.2The pull outing stage in proposed adaptative strategy Like the implanting procedure, Partition the stego-image into four-pixel blocks. The undermentioned flow chart for pull outing informations from stego image in proposed adaptative strategy explains elaborate working flow img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.053.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.054.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.055.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.056.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.059.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.058.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.057.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.060.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.064.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.063.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.062.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.061.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.065.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.067.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.066.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.068.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.032.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.069.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.070.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.071.png"/ The undermentioned stairss are executed to pull out the secret information. Measure 1: Input signal Stego Image, Secret keys R1, R2, v1, v2, T Step2: Generate Kr A ; Kc Using R1, R2, v1, v2 Step3: Initialize i=0 A ; j=0 Measure 4: if I lt ; =M A ; j lt ; =N, travel to step 5 else halt. Measure 5: Calculate Average Diff ‘D’ utilizing combining weight. ( 2 ) Measure 6: Exploitation Threshold ‘T’ and ‘D’ find smooth block, Edge block and mistake block. i.e. a ) If D lt ; =T, D belongs to Smooth block. B ) If D gt ; T, D belongs to Edge block. degree Celsius ) If D lt ; =T and ( ymax-ymin ) gt ; 2*T+2, D belongs to Error block. Measure 7: Create pel group utilizing n=2^Q and degree Fahrenheit ( Lolo ) =yi mod n+1 Measure 8: Determine place information‘d’ . Measure 9: From‘d’ extract secret informations. Example For case, we extract the implanting illustration ( 151, 88, 193, and 133 ) , which is shown in the before subdivision. Assume v1 = 2, v2 = 3, R1 = 257, R2 = 36 and T = 25. The coevals map Kr = { 001, 110,101,010,111,100,011,000 } is formed by utilizing Hr ( R1, V1 ) i.e. Hr ( 257,2 ) and Kc = { 00,10,11,01 } by utilizing Hc ( R2, V2 ) i.e. ( 36,3 ) are produced. Here D gt ; T, hence this block is placed in edge country and hence Q = v1 + v2 = 3 + 2 = 5 spots have embedded into each Pixel in the block. In present block sum, 4 †¢ 5 = 20 spots are embedded. Let us see 3rd pel into the block ( e.g. y â€Å" 2 = 202 ) . The pel group G is created for value 202 via Eq. ( 5 ) With n = 32. We create the variant Cartesian merchandise Kr _ Kc, which is value 202 with n = 22+3= 32. The place of stego-pixel 202 in G is 1, because vitamin D = ( 202 mod 32 ) + 1 = 3. The piece of binary secret informations ‘00001’ can be extracted because ‘00001’ is the 3rd constituent of Kr _ Kc. In the same manner, has extracted the secret information subdivision ‘10010’ for Yâ€Å"0, ‘10111’ for Yâ€Å"1and ‘11010’ for Yâ€Å"3. Finally we achieve ‘10010101110000111010’ which is the similar secret information informations in the implanting illustration of before subdivision. How to cite Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data, Essay examples

Stress Management Concept

Introduction Organizations are increasingly experiencing a challenge arising from the dynamic nature of the environment in which they operate. In order to survive in this environment, it is paramount for these organizations to develop their competitive advantage. One of the ways through which they can achieve this is by integrating the concept of organizational development.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Stress Management Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anderson (2011, p.2) defines organizational development as the various organizational-wide efforts that are incorporated by a firm’s management team in order to improve its operational effectiveness. Organizational development also entails the process of facilitating organizational and personal change by utilizing various interventions. According to Daft (2010, p. 432), organizational development mainly emphasizes on social and human as pects within a firm in an effort to enhance a firm’s effectiveness in dealing with problems that may arise in its operation. For an organization to benefit from its organizational development programs, it must take into consideration the wellbeing of its human capital. Organizations should consider their employees as one of their most important assets. Over the recent past, there has been an increment in the level of changes within the business environment. Some of these changes have emanated from an increment in the intensity of competition due to the high rate of globalization. In an effort to create a high competitive advantage, most organizations are considering incorporating change in their operation such as by undertaking mergers and acquisition and implementing new technology. The recent economic crisis has also presented a challenge to employees due to the high cost living and job insecurity. These changes significantly reduce the employees’ level of productivi ty due to the associated stress. In executing organizational duties, employees may be overloaded with tasks which may cause them to be stressed. Cunningham (2000, p.112) asserts that employees have their own personal such as those associated with career development. According to Cunningham (2000, p.112), if an organization does not address the employees’ individual needs such as their career goals, there is a high probability of such employees experiencing stress.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Findings of a report by the World Health Organization revealed that work stress can be a major hindrance to an organization attaining its goals in addition to affecting the workers health (Leka, Griffiths Cox, 2003, p.3). This arises from the fact that stress makes employees to be poorly motivated and hence less productive. Additionally, stress reduces employees’ saf ety. The resultant effect of stress in work environment is that an organization fails to attain the desired organizational development goals. This underscores the importance of integrating stress management in organizations. In the light of this, the author of this paper intends to conduct a critical literature review on the concept of stress management. Literature review Definition of stress in work environment Employees experience stress from different sources such as from work and home. It is not possible for an organization to protect employees from stress arising from home. However, organizations can protect employees from work related stress. One of the ways through which an organization can achieve this is by integrating effective work organization and stress management (Parker, 2007, p. 23). An employee may experience stress due to work demands for example if he or she is assigned a task that he or she does not have sufficient skills and knowledge to perform. Considering the changes in the external environment, employees cannot avoid pressure arising from work. Work pressure may be an effective source of motivation. However, in some circumstances, excess work pressure may result into stress. The level of stress may be high if employees do not receive the necessary support from the managers and supervisors. Leka, Griffiths and Cox (2003, p.3) are of the opinion that work related stress arises from the disparity between the demands of the job and the pressure on the employee on one hand and the mismatch between their abilities and knowledge on the other. Causes of stress in workplace According to Leka, Griffiths and Cox (2003, p.11), stress in workplace may arise as a result of different factors that lead into intense pressure and job demands. Others may be associated with ineffective work organization or how the job is designed. Additionally, unsatisfactory working conditions and poor management may also result into work stress.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Stress Management Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Palmer and Cooper (2010, p. 162), the various work aspects which have a potential of causing stress are referred to as stress related hazards. The chart below gives a summary of the stress hazard with regard to work content and work context. Category Source of stress hazard Example Work content Job content The job may not be challenging enough thus making it to be monotonous The tasks may be unpleasant and lacking variety. Working hours Long working hours Unpredictable working hours Job-shift systems may be ineffectively designed Inflexible working schedules Participation and control The employees may not be involved in the decision Lack of promotion prospects Unfair performance appraisal systems Job insecurity. The job may be of low social value Poor remuneration schemes making process. Work Context Career development, remuneration and job status . Interpersonal relationship Lack of support from the supervisors. Lack of a well defined procedure to resolve work problems and complaints. Poor relationship with employees. Home-work interface Conflicting demands between work and home duties. Lack of support in dealing with domestic issues from work. Lack of support for work problems by family members. Organizational culture Poor organizational leadership. Lack of clarity on organizational objectives. Role in the organization Conflicting roles within the same job. Unclear roles Stress management According to Fried (2008, p. 61), stress management entails the various techniques that are used in eliminating feelings of strain. If not well managed, stress may lead into dysfunctional behavior amongst the employees in addition to poor mental and physical health. For example, stress may result into extreme physical conditions such as heart diseases, high bloo d pressure, digestive system complications and musculo-skeletal disorders. As a result of stress, the employees’ operational efficiency is significantly reduced. The employees’ ability to make effective decisions and to think logically is also affected. Parker (2007, p. 32) asserts that stress leads into a reduction in the employees’ level of commitment in their duties. Stress in the workplace negatively affects employees productivity and hence the organization’s performance. Over the recent past, organizations in different economic sectors have appreciated the strength of relationship between the well being of their workforce and their productivity. Firms in the public and private sector are increasingly appreciating the costs associated with stress (Weinberg, Sutherland Cooper, 2010, p. 61). Stress management is one of the ways through which they are integrating in an effort to minimize stress. According to Ron (2004, p.1), it is estimated that job str ess in the United States costs businesses more than $ 300 billion in their corporate profit annually. This cost arises from increased complaints by customers and clients, a high rate of absenteeism, a rise in legal claims by employees, poor employees’ performance and productivity, and lack of employee commitment. On a daily basis, it is estimated that one million people do not attend work daily in the United State as a result of workplace stress overload (Ron, 2004, p. 1).Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ashworth (2005, para. 1) In 2005, the rate of unscheduled absenteeism in the US reached its five-year high due to a number of factors amongst them stress. According to Leka, Griffiths and Cox (2003, p. 14), inefficiency in managing job stress tarnishes an organization’s image both internally and externally. Ron (2004, p.1) is of the opinion that stress is a major issue in an organization’s operation. However, it is astonishing to see the rate at which organizational CFOs and CEOs are concerned with attaining the desired profitability. Additionally, firm’s management teams are also concerned with ensuring that the employees are committed in executing their duties. Despite this, most organizations have not implemented strategies aimed at dealing with stress at the workplace. According to Jex and Britt (2008, p.222), one of the most effective methods of dealing with stress related hazards in workplace is through stress management. The best stress management strateg ies that an organization can implement are those that check it from reaching excessive levels. In the 21st century, organizations are increasingly appreciating the importance of being involved in managing work related stress (Kaila, 2005, p.494). The rationale for this trend is that organizations are partially involved in making the employees to be stressed. As a result, they should be actively involved in relieving it. The other rationale is that employees who are less stressed are more effective in their duties. In an effort to manage stress, organizations have implemented two main strategies. These include; Institutional programs Collateral programs Institutional programs These entail the various stress reduction strategies that are established through different organizational mechanisms (Griffin Moorhead, 2011, p. 191). For example, in order to establish work-life balance, organizations should effectively design their jobs. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), working in shifts can be a source of stress to employees. This arises from the fact that the employees will be forced to change their relaxation and sleeping patterns. Therefore, it is paramount for organizations to implement work schedules that contribute to reduction of stress. One of the way through which an organization can achieve this is by integrating flexible-working schedule. This will give employees an opportunity to take care of their non-work activities such as advance their career by going back to school, having time with their family and being involved in recreational activities. Establishing work-life balance can be very beneficial to both employees and the organizations. Stress within an organization can also be reduced by creating a strong organizational culture. One such culture that organizations can integrate entails ensuring that there is a balance between the employees work and non-work activities. For example, a firm’s management team may make it to be a norm that all em ployees should go on vacation or take some time off from work in order to relax. Another institutional mechanism that a firm can consider entails ensuring that there is effective supervision. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), a supervisor can cause employees to be stressed by overloading them with tasks. To avoid this, a firm’s management team should ensure that its employees are assigned manageable and reasonable tasks. Collateral programs These include stress reduction programs that are specifically designed to assisting employees to cope with stress. There are different collateral programs that organizations incorporate in their stress management efforts. Some of these include Health Promotion Programs (HPPs), Employee Wellness Programs (EWPs) and Stress Management Programs. According to Werner and DeSimone (2009, p.362), HPPs and EWPs are composed of various activities that are aimed at improving organizational practices and promoting employee behavior. The core objective is to ensure that the employees are fit and healthy to perform their duties. The HPP and EWP programs are based on the principle that employee wellness does not only entail ensuring that the employees are not sick. However, they are aimed at encouraging employees to adopt lifestyles that contribute towards maximization of their wellbeing. In their health promotion programs, organizations incorporate a holistic approach by educating employees on different issues. The health promotion programs are composed of different dimensions that are aimed at promoting employee wellness. These include emotional, physical, mental, spiritual, communal and social dimensions. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), collateral programs encourage employees to be involved in exercises thus reducing stress indirectly. However, implementation of collateral programs as stress management strategies can be costly. This arises from the fact that organizations will be required to invest in the necessary physical fa cilities. Despite this, Kaila (2005, p.494) asserts that more and more organizations are increasingly exploring this option in their stress management. Studies which have been conducted reveal that fitness and wellbeing programs significantly reduce absenteeism as a result of stress. Additionally, they also help in improving an employee’s mental health and his or her ability to resist stress. Training and development According to Donaldson-Fielder, Lewis and Yarker (2011, p. 67), organizations also use training and development interventions in managing stress. There are two main ways through which organizations use training and development in their stress management. These include technical skills training and stress management skills training. Technical skills training Technical skills training enhances employees’ ability to cope with job requirements. For example, technical skills training contribute towards significant reduction in the amount of effort required to e xecute a task. The resultant effect is that employees experience minimal stress arising from work demands and pressure. Through technical skills training, an employee’s level of confidence in performing his or her duties is improved. To determine the technical skills training that an organization should conduct, a firm may conduct a performance appraisal, stress risk assessment, or a one-on-one conversation with the employees (Leka, Griffiths Cox, 2003, p.3). For example, an employee who may be assigned a new task may be required to make a presentation in front of the organization’s directors. This may cause anxiety to the employee leading into stress. In order to improve the employee’s presentation skills; the organization may enroll him or her to a presentation skills course in an effort to improve his or her confidence level when communicating to the managers (Spiers, 2003, p.84). Additionally, a risk assessment conducted by an engineering firm revealed that employees were reporting work-related stress and a high level of job dissatisfaction. Upon investigation, the firm revealed that the cause of the stress was as a result of the project management systems that the firm was using. The project management team revealed that they had never received training on how to operate the new Information Technology system that the firm had implemented. In order to minimize stress as a result of the new technology, the firm implemented a training program on how to operate the new software (Donald-Fielder, Lewis Yarker, 2011, p. 68). Stress management skills training This is a stress management strategy that is aimed at increasing the employees’ level of awareness on stressors and the importance of their wellbeing. Alternatively, stress management skills training is aimed at teaching employees on how to reduce stress. In their stress management skills training, organizations intend to bridge the gap that existed between the job demands, the employees’ ability to perform the tasks and the resources available. There are three main types of stress management skills training that an organization can implement. These include multimodal, relaxation-based and cognitive behavioral therapy. Multimodal training entails increasing the level of awareness on what stress is, how to identify signs of stress and how they can acquire skills to cope with stress. Relaxation-based training entails educating employees on how to undertake mental and physical relaxation in an effort to deal with the various consequences associated with stress. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy training entails equipping employees with skills that change their perception on the source of stress differently. According to Donaldson-Fielder and Yarker (2011, p.69), these stress management skills training are very effective in reducing stress. However, a recent evaluation conducted on these methods revealed that cognitive behavioral therapy t raining is more effective compared to the other two methods. Support interventions These include the various forms of assistance strategies such as therapy and counseling employees who are suffering from stress. The support interventions targets individuals who have not benefited from stress prevention strategies such as training and development. The support interventions are focused at curing symptoms of stress. Support interventions may also entail medical treatment and coaching employees suffering from stress. Conclusion In order for organization to attain their goals, it is paramount for management teams to ensure that their employees are committed and productive. However, employees are faced with a challenge in executing their duties due to work-related stress. Stress has a negative impact to both the employee and the organization. Therefore, it is important for organizations to incorporate the concept of stress management in order to help them cope with challenging work situat ions. There are different strategies that an organization can integrate in their stress management efforts. To be effective in stress management, it is important for firms to integrate both curative and preventative stress management strategies. Some of the main strategies that a firm can integrate entail institutional programs, collateral programs, training program and support interventions. Institutional programs contribute towards reduction of work-related stress by ensuring that there are effective organizational mechanisms that minimize stress in its structure. Some of the ways through which they attain this is by being effective in designing jobs. Organizations should ensure that they assign employees jobs in according with their abilities and the resources available. It is also important for firm’s management teams to design jobs that are meaningful to their employees. Jobs should be designed in such as way that employees can be able to use their skills in executing th em. This will contribute towards creation of a high level of commitment. It is also critical to ensure that the employees understand their role and responsibilities. When making decisions that affect them, firm’s management teams should give the employees an opportunity to participate. Organizations should also integrate effective work-schedule that ensures a high level of flexibility. The work-schedules incorporated should be in line with the employees’ non-work responsibilities and demands. Such schedules reduce work-related stress by giving employees an opportunity to pursue their personal goals such as advancing their education . Employees intend to advance their career in order to improve their competitiveness in the labor market. Additionally, employees have sufficient time with their family and friends and to engage in recreational activities that improve their wellbeing hence reducing stress. On the other hand, collateral programs aid in improving the employees fitness and wellbeing. Training and development strategies such as technical skills training and stress management skills training enable employees to cope with job pressure and associated stressors. Through technical skills training, an employee is equipped with skills that enable him or her to execute tasks assigned with minimal pressure and effort. On the other hand, stress management skills training equip employees with a high level of awareness regarding skills. Organizations may also integrate support interventions such as counseling and coaching employees who are already suffering from stress. Therefore, to increase the probability of attaining organizational development, it is critical for firm’s management teams to integrate effective stress management. Stress management benefits both an organization and its employees. Reference List Anderson, D., 2011. Organization development; the process of leading  organizational change. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publica tions. Ashworth, S., 2005. Low morale, other issues push absences to a five year high. New York: American City Business Journals. Cunningham, J., 2000. The stress management sourcebook. Los Angeles: Lowell House. Daft, R., 2010. Organizational theory and design. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Donaldson-Fielder, E., Lewis, R. Yarker, J., 2011. Preventing stress in  organizations: how to develop positive managers. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Fried, R., 2008. Stress management for success in the workplace. Washington: Lulu.com. Griffin, R. Moorehead, G., 2011. Organizational behavior: managing people  and organizations. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jex, S. Britt, T., 2008. Organizational theory; a scientist-practitioner approach. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley and Sons. Kaila, H., 2005. Human resource management. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. Leka, S., Griffiths, A. Cox, T., 2003. Work organization and stress. United Kingdom: Institute of Work, Health and Organization. Palmer, S. Cooper, C., 2010. How to deal with stress. London: Kogan Page. Parker, H., 2007. Stress management. Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media. Ron, B., 2004. Workplace stress sucks $ 300 billion annually from corporate  profits. New York: Technology Marketing Corporation. Spiers, C., 2003. Tolleys managing stress in the workplace. Chicago: Taylor Francis. Weinberg, A., Sutherland, V. Cooper, C., 2010. Organizational stress  management; a strategic approach. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Werner, J. DeSimone, R., 2009. Human resource development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. This critical writing on Stress Management Concept was written and submitted by user Helena Rosa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The Privatization of Social Security essays

The Privatization of Social Security essays Social Security was implemented in 1935 as part of Roosevelt's "New Deal" following the Great Depression and the collapse of the American economy. It was enacted to be a fully funded retirement plan, meaning its benefits are paid out of a fund built up over the years from contributions made by Social Security taxpayers. The program's first step away from this was in 1942 when it began to pay out its first pension. There is a crisis within the program that we speak of today which deals with the impending lack of funds we will have in the near future. It is predicted that the so-called "Social Security trust fund" (a bunch of Treasury Department IOU's, in actuality) will be depleted somewhere around 2027. This is a concern because Social Security has been turned into a pay-as-you-go system. Today, workers outnumber retirees with a ratio of around 3.4:1. iOnce the baby boomer generation begins to retire and causes a reduction in the workforce, the worker to retiree ratio will be close r to 2:1 by 2040. This is distress to our nation because we will not be taking in enough money to pay out the pensions of the retirees. Our government has already tried to reduce the impact of the Social Security problem by raising the percentage of taxes taken out of individuals' paychecks, by raising the maximum level of income taxed, and by raising the retirement age to be 67 in the year 2022. According to Social Security's activists, the most likely picture implies that the payroll tax would need to rise from 12.4% to more than 19% in 2075 to pay future pensions ("Straight Talk"). The chart portrays this situation. This solution and others have not and will not be enough to solve our problems. These are only short-term fixes and the problem reaches far beyond the baby boomers generation. There must be other steps taken and one main possibility is to privatize Social Security, whether in whole or just partially. It is this privatization issue and i...

Benjamin Harrison - The 23rd President of the United States

Benjamin Harrison - The 23rd President of the United States Benjamin Harrison was the grandson of Americas ninth president, William Henry Harrison. He was a Civil War hero, having ended the was as a brigadier general. He dealt with civil service reform and fighting against monopolies and trusts while he was president. Following is a list of fast facts for Benjamin Harrison. For more in depth information, you can also read the Benjamin Harrison Biography Birth: August 20, 1833 Death: March 13, 1901 Term of Office: March 4, 1889-March 3, 1893 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term First Lady: Caroline Lavinia Scott - She died of tuberculosis while he was in office. Caroline was key in building the Daughters of the American Revolution.   Benjamin Harrison Quote: Unlike many other people less happy, we give our devotion to a Government, to its Constitution, to its flag, and not to men.Additional Benjamin Harrison Quotes Major Events While in Office: Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)Electricity Installed in White House (1891) States Entering Union While in Office: Montana (1889)Washington (1889)South Dakota (1889)North Dakota (1889)Wyoming (1890)Idaho (1890) Related Benjamin Harrison Resources: These additional resources on Benjamin Harrison can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Benjamin Harrison BiographyTake a more in depth look at the twenty-third president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice Presidents This informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Grover ClevelandGrover ClevelandList of American Presidents

What are the strengths and weaknesses of dependency theorists Essay - 1

What are the strengths and weaknesses of dependency theorists interoperation of global inequality What are the strengths and weaknesses of modernisation theorists interoperation of global inequality - Essay Example this paper will focus on other factors that are perceived to be of immense significance when it comes to general shortcomings of these theories and their strengths as well. Specifically, this paper is going to evaluate the view of dependency theory in relation to its strengths and weaknesses in relation to interpretation of global inequality. The emergence of dependence theory is based on the questioning of reliability of market-oriented theories like modernization theory. The major issue of concern was to reject the idea that the major reason according to modernization theory, why underdeveloped countries continued to be poor was due to their cultural and institutional faults. Dependency theorist built their argument based on Karl Marx’s capitalism. This is what was highlighted in major areas of concern as to why these countries were underdeveloped. They argued that capitalism was responsible for creation of a class of countries that manipulated other countries (Giddens 2009). This is in relation to what happens to capitalism within a country, where the rich or owners of means of production exploit workers or low class people. In light with this, dependency theorist argues that poverty and underdevelopment of low income countries is as a result of exploitation by the wealthy nations. In their view, dependency theorist believes that this kind of exploitation began with colonialism. This is the spectrum through which wealthy and powerful nations ruled over the weak nations for their greed for profit maximization and domination. For example, powerful nations have colonized poor countries in a bid to acquire raw materials to use in their factories. In addition, they ensure that they control the market from which the poor countries trade on. Unfortunately, the products sold in the controlled market are the end products of the raw materials taken by the wealthy nations. In fact, it is believed that this is well executed by global companies supported by big banks